Antimicrobial Resistance Implications and Costs Case Study – Nursing Assignment Help

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Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has developed as one of the major urgent threats to public health causing serious issues to successful prevention and treatment of persistent diseases. In spite of different actions taken in recent decades to tackle this issue, the trends of global AMR demonstrate no signs of slowing down. Misusing and overusing different antibacterial agents in the health care setting as well as in the agricultural industry are considered the major reasons behind the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the spontaneous evolution, mutation of bacteria, and passing the resistant genes through horizontal gene transfer are significant contributors to antimicrobial resistance. Many studies have demonstrated the disastrous financial consequences of AMR including extremely high healthcare costs due to an increase in hospital admissions and drug usage. The literature review, which included articles published after the year 2012, was performed using Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar with the utilization of keyword searches. Results indicated that the multifactorial threat of antimicrobial resistance has resulted in different complex issues affecting countries across the globe. These impacts found in the sources are categorized into three different levels: patient, healthcare, and economic. Although gaps in knowledge about AMR and areas for improvement are obvious, there is not any clearly understood progress to put an end to the persistent trends of antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, AMR, implications.

Background Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites become able to adapt and grow in the presence of medications that once impacted them.1,2 AMR is considered a significant threat to the public health systems not just in developing countries but throughout the world.1,3 The fact that infectious diseases can no longer be treated with antibiotics depicts an unknown future in health care.4 Infection with AMR leads to serious illnesses and prolonged hospital admissions, increases in healthcare costs, higher costs in second-line drugs, and treatment failures.3,5,6 For instance, just in Europe, it has been estimated that antimicrobial resistance has been correlated with more than nine billion euros per year.3,7 Furthermore, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), antimicrobial resistance adds a 20 billion dollar surplus in direct healthcare costs in the United States, which is exclusive of about 35 billion dollars in loss of productivity annually.8 The daunting threat of antimicrobial resistance is of particular importance in the category of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.3 According to the CDC, more than two million people in the United States become ill with antibiotic-resistant diseases every year, resulting in a minimum of 23,000 deaths.8 Antibiotic resistance compromises a human immune system’s capacity to fight infectious diseases and also Correspondence: Porooshat Dadgostar Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA TInfection and Drug Resistance Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Infection and Drug Resistanc This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.